Reply Complaint Letter

PT Sukahati Electronic And Service
Jl. Mataram Raya No. 12 Blok M
Tel : (021) 87654321, E_mail : sukahati@yahoo.com
Jakarta Selatan 19580
____________________________________________________________________________



20st May, 2011
Your ref : TE/ JS/10A
Our ref : RW/C/12


Mrs. Tias Eka Setiyowati

PT. SANYO Jaya Components
Kawasan Industri Panasonic Gobel Km. 44 No. 120A
Tel : (0289) 8897654, E_mail : sanyo_jaya@yahoo.com
CIBITUNG, BEKASI 17111




Dear Mrs. Tias,

Your Ordered Number 9876

I was sorry to learn from your letter or 18 May that some of the laptop supplied to this order were damaged when they reached you.
Replacements for the damaged goods have been sent by package post tomorrow morning .It will not be necessary for you to return the damaged goods, they maybe destroyed.
Despite the care we take in packing goods there have recently been several reports of damage. To avoid further inconvenience and annoyance to costumers, as well as expense to ourselves, we are now seeking the advice of a packing consultant in the hope of improving our methods of handling.
We apologize once again for this, and hope the steps we use taking will ensure the safe arrival of all yours orders in future.


Your Sincerely


Robert Jhonsen

Marketing manager

Complaint Letter

PT. SANYO Jaya Components
Kawasan Industri Panasonic Gobel Km. 44 No. 120A
Tel : (0289) 8897654, E_mail : sanyo_jaya@yahoo.com
CIBITUNG, BEKASI 17111

____________________________________________________________________________

18st May, 2011

Ref : TE/ JS/10A


Mr. Robert Jhonsen

PT Sukahati Electronic And Service
Jl. Mataram Raya No. 12 Blok M
Jakarta Selatan 19580
Tel : (021) 87654321, E_mail : sukahati@yahoo.com



Dear Sirs,
Our Order Number 9728
We ordered 20 units Laptop on 8 July and they were delivered on 10 July. I regret that 4 of them have problem with Lcd .
The package containing these goods appeared to be in perfect condition and I accepted and signed for it without question. It was on unpacking the laptop the damage was discovered; I can only assume that laptop was due to careless handling at same stage prior to packing.
I am enclosing a list of the damaged goods and shall be glad if you will replace them. They have been kept aside in case you need them to support a claim your supplier for compensation.



Yours Faithfully,


Tias Eka Setiyowati

Sales Manager



Enc : Reply Letters

REPLYING TO INQUIRIES

PT. REGINA CHESSUAL CLOTHES TRENDY
20 Barheightline Street
Los Angeles, LA 90071
Canada
___________________________________________________________________________ Your ref : TE/ JS/10A
Our ref : RW/C/12

7st May, 2011


Mrs. Tias Eka Setiyowati
Purchase Manager
PT. Chessual Trendy And Tradisionality
Jln. Pulogebang Raya No. 14
Jakarta 19350
Indonesia


Dear Mrs. Tias
Thank you for letter of 2 May, inquirying about our lates catalogues, price-list and terms of payment.
We are pleased to enclose our new catalogues, price-list and terms of payment together with samples of our promotional products.
We hope you will find our prices and terms satisfactory and look forward to receiving your first order.



Your Sincerely,


Regina Willson
Marketing Manager


Enc : - Catalogues
- Price-list

INQUIRY LETTER

PT. CHESSUAL TRENDY AND TRADISIONALITY
Jln. Pulogebang Raya No. 14
Jakarta Timur 19350


___________________________________________________________________________

Ref : TE/ JS/10A
2st May, 2011


PT. REGINA CHESSUAL CLOTHES TRENDY
Regina Wilsson & Carolline
20 Barheightline Street
Los Angeles, LA 90071
Canada



Dear Sir’s
We have seen some of your excellent Women and Men’s Clothes Trendy products exhibited at World Expo in Los Angeles last weeks ago. As we are interested in your women and Men’s Clothes Trendy, would you please let us know your terms of payment and would you please let us know whether you can offer us a special discount for this month.
We should be pleased to receive your prompt reply.



Your’s faithfully,




Tias Eka. Setiyowati
Purchase Manager

Certificate Seminar Scientific Writing

This seminar contains about course management to develop scientific writing. Student’s have Gunadarma University which has six semester, will construct a scientific writing in accordance with their majors - each. The contents of the seminar on a literature in which professors discuss their research on scientific writing of those who have studied and got good results too. The seminar discussed how to make scientific writing with the correct method. The contents of scientific writing is composed of :
ORGIGINALITAS SHEET
APPROVAL SHEET
ABSTRACT
PREFACE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER II THEORY BASIS
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
CHAPTER IV DISCUSSION
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
From the contents - the contents are combined into one form of papers from the research that the author wrote well before the trial results will be discussed again by the supervisor in accordance with each - each class.
After finishing all and has been in acc by the trial supervisor immediately register your PI if you want to quickly finish a degree D3.

Certificate Seminar Capital Markets

Capital markets or capital markets is an activity as the market in general. Only in capital markets activities of the meeting between the owners of capital and those in need of capital, with the mediation of a broker or securities brokers. Owners of capital are those who have the capital or the party or commonly known as some investors, while in need of capital is a company or a party to sell shares, bonds or other capital market instruments.
Financial instruments traded in capital markets such as stocks, bonds, warrants, rights, convertible bonds, and various derivative products (derivatives) like option (put or call). Because the stock market is a market of long-term financial instruments, have a very important role for the economy of a country. The capital market is said to have a functioning economy since the stock market provides the facility or vehicle that is of interest that bring together two parties who have excess funds (investors) and those who need the funds (issuer / issuer).
As a meeting of owners of capital and those in need of capital, practically no funds in the stock market represents funds that can be said to be a low cost fund. The funds are to be cheap, because the owners of capital in a capital market activity in distributing the funds to redeem some of the funds held with a number of shares. Practical by buying these shares, the owners of capital (investors) do not impose interest on the capital provided to the issuer / issuer. In other words, investors become shareholders (owners of the company). As the owner means the investor to deposit funds equal to the number of its shares. Because of its capital contribution, thus the company has become very cheap, because there is no obligation to return the funds already paid. So is the return in the form of interest, absolutely nothing. So the funds raised from investors was really cheap, and can be optimally developed to run perusahaan.Pengembalian operations to shareholders later in the form of dividends, or stock price meningkatknya or commonly referred to as capital gains (the difference between the purchase price with the selling price).
The capital market is said to have financial functions, because the capital market provides the possibility and opportunity to obtain benefit (return) to the owner of the funds, according to the characteristics of the selected investment. So the stock market is expected to be increased economic activity due to capital market financing is an alternative for companies to increase corporate revenue and ultimately bring prosperity for the wider community. In other words generally benefit from the existence of capital markets is:
1. Provide a source of financing (long term) to the business world as well as enabling an optimal allocation of funds.
2. Provide a variety of investment vehicles for investors to allow for diversification. Alternative investments provide the potential benefits to the level of risk that can be calculated.
3. Is a leading indicator for the development of a country's economy.
4. The spread of ownership of the company until the middle layers of society.
5. The spread of ownership, openness and professionalism create a healthy business climate and encourage the use of professional management.

Capital Market Instruments
Capital markets have a variety of products that could become an investment option for investors. Investment products that we know today, among others, shares, bonds and derivative products such as warrants, rights, options and mutual funds. Each product has investment characteristics that differ from each other. Stocks for example, is a proof or a sign of ownership or possession of any person or entity within a company or limited company. The realization of shares in the form of a sheet of paper that explains who the owner. However, the present system have been started scripless Indonesia Stock Exchange where the form of ownership is no longer in the form of sheet stock that is named the owner but have a account on behalf of the owner or without paper stock. So the settlement will be more quickly and easily. Shares or equity securities which is already much known to the public.
Stocks have the right products and derivatives such as warrants. These derivative products are always attached to the parent product. For example the right to buy shares or ordinary first is named with a rights issue or obtained the right to buy stock at a certain price at a certain time commonly referred to as warrants. While the bonds are debt instruments issued by a company. Letters of credit in the capital markets are debt securities with maturities of more than a year, and debentures must be obtained from the company's rating or the rating assigned ratings.
Other capital market products are mutual funds. Mutual funds are collective investment contract made between investment managers (investment managers) to investors. Mutual fund is an investment unit that was formed with a specific purpose. Mutual funds are derived from mutual vocabulary, which means guard or maintained and funds means money or money collection. So, a mutual fund can be defined as a collection of funds that are kept together for an interest. Referring to Law No. 8 of 1995, a mutual fund is a container that is used to raise funds from public investors to be invested in portfolio securities by the Investment Manager.
Buying mutual funds no different than saving. The difference a letter can not be traded to save the sign, whereas mutual funds can be traded. Investment units that can be sold back to the mutual fund investment manager called the open (open end). The reverse is a closed fund (closed end), ie, a mutual fund that can only be sold to other investors through the secondary market. Most mutual funds are now shaped open mutual funds. With a variety of investment products that are increasingly varied as a means of making capital markets and investment vehicles from day to day more complete. Investors have many choices of products that could become a means of investment which must be adjusted with its investment objective. So also for the parties need capital (issuer), the product can be sold to investors can be more varied. In addition to the shares, issuer or the issuer can sell the bonds or it could be a combination of stocks with bonds or bonds with specific options. IDX ( Indonesian Stock Exchange ).

KITTY LOVE'S RESTAUANT

Indust ry Food and Beverage (F & B) or the restaurant industry is an extraordinary and almost never die. Industry full of potential, prospect, develop very quickly, and a carrier business success and even wealth ( of course, if planned, managed and operated well ). Restaurant business is a business of all time, because everyone would need to eat and drink during his life. Many people think that opening a restaurant is easy, provided good cook and supported by its outer appearance of the all good. All the restaurants in general do have to give a good impression to attract customers.
When reviewed further, the restaurant business is not a business that can be done casually. This business requires perseverance processing with thorough, careful and hard work, and not just how to cook a delicious alone but must be considered also continuously all related areas. Procurement of tools, equipment, raw materials, quality control materials, processing with the standard processes and recipes, is an important factor for the success of the restaurant business. Other factors that influence the taste and customer complaints, legal factors, promotions, employee issues, financing, pricing, image of the restaurant, and so forth.
However, very little is ultimately successful restaurant business. Business Most restaurants fail in the first year of operation. There are many opinions and reasons for everything, like why this could occur. Of course this really makes the food business wondering why this happens and what can we do to better understand the risks, challenges, because, reality, and the intricate details about the opening, running, and to finally get a restaurant that success.
Today's growing food business sector and the owner must have a basic understanding and philosophy about the awards will be food, and consumer lifestyle. Every aspect of the business and operations, customer satisfaction, profit and lost relationships, the size of the control system, standardization and the pride of all owners must be seen, as perseverance, resilience, meticulous attention to detail and every decision even on small things though. Restaurant business also related to the planning process and overall control with respect to consumers, competitors, service strategy, and resources that exist in it, including staff, operational staff and managers. Restaurant Management can not be separated from management of all functional activities, such as marketing, operations or production, finance, and human resources.
There are some basic understanding that led to the restaurant business usually fail, among others:
• Inability to adapt to change and optimize the opportunities and competition.
• Lack of experience
• Lack of knowledge of the food business and operational management
• Lack of understanding of themselves and and others, the difficulties of working relationships, leadership and interpersonal skills that are needed in the work.

There are many variations and choices when faced with the restaurant business. What will be presented, when it will be opened and how much funding should be provided until everything is running smoothly. Run it yourself or learn from and cooperate with someone who is pretty / have experienced. Establishing and running a restaurant business, opening the door every morning and keeping it open all year, until success requires no small effort. What is on the menu or the logo on serving plates will provide the character and explain a very good restaurant.
Competition is increasingly competitive restaurant business lead manager of the restaurant strives to choose the right strategy to attract consumers as much as possible by providing alternative products as a supplement to its main product. One is the entertainment / performances as well as object something that is integrated with the main products into one package or a series that sold to consumers. Entertainment as one of the restaurant business attraction in its development was able to attract consumers who seek pleasure and satisfaction alternatives to taste delicious food and drink itself. Even the entertainment in the restaurant business has now become a trendsetter. This is evidenced by the rise of the restaurant business plus music and dance entertainment to complement the food and beverage offerings that became its main product.
The management and proper selection and fitting entertainment for consumers became one of the key success of the restaurant business to increase revenue earnings. The appeal of entertainment in the restaurant business is situated on the strength and quality to entertain and be able to change consumers' psychological conditions, from fatigue to be fresh, from sadness to joy, from too late to be relieved. The strength and quality of entertainment this in turn will be able to extend your stay (length of stay) of consumers because of the entertainment itself aims to provide entertainment or entertaining and is updating the condition of the consumer psyche.
This course will extend the stay of consumers (length of stay) that do want to enjoy the entertainment it completely, so it can be concluded that the provision of an alternative form of entertainment products can extend your stay (length of stay) consumers. In the next development entertainment attraction is not just limited to the strength and quality, but both have been shifted to the variety of entertainment that is presented to consumers.
However, very little is ultimately Successful Restaurant Business. Restaurant Business Most fail in the first year of operation. There are many opinions and there are reasons as to why this can happen? More than 25-33% of the Restaurants Industry menuutup his efforts and declared kebangrutannya under 12 months since his first operation.
Of course this is making the food business wondering why this happens and what can we do to better understand the Risks, Challenges, For, Reality and the intricate details about the opening, running, and to eventually obtain a Successful Restaurant.
Today's growing food business sector. It has a basic philosophy and understanding & appreciation for food, lifestyles, especially 'Dine Out' in the big picture is critical to success in a Restaurant Business.
Every aspect of the business and operations, customer satisfaction, relationship Profit & Lost, size control systems, standards and pride of the owners must all be visible, as perseverance, resilience, meticulous attention to detail and every decision even on small things though.
Some of these aspects include General Business Management (General Business Management), Administration, Organization, Supervision (Supervising), Control (Controlling), Accounting Procedures, Pricing, Promotion, and Protection and Insurance Contracts, Taxation Regulations whereby they will be & function of business.
The restaurant business is always changing, complex and it is not possible to "eat" and / defeat the many newcomers who are not ready for the unexpected. Many food companies are trying to wrestle a newcomer in this field failed in his first year.
There are many variations and choices when faced with the Restaurant Business. What will be presented, when it will be opened and how much funding should be provided until everything is running smoothly. Run it yourself or learn from and cooperate with someone who is pretty / have experienced.
Establishing a Business Restaurants and run it, open the door every morning and keeping it open all year, until success requires no small effort. Funding sources could include: self, family, friends, business associates, dealers or factory equipment, a business organization. Different types are also available for the procurement of funds. Restaurant business in the form and structure 'PT' will make it easier to secure the capital your business.
Restaurants business classified business that is very interesting and promising. Some business people even dare to mention that the restaurant business profits are very large, can reach 150% or more. Not to play! Of course, a profit of it only applies to restaurants that have been successfully attract customers to become customers.
To succeed, first of all food products should be selected according to taste and needs of the market. Do market research on what foods are most popular, how many times to buy food, where if you want to buy food and other related information.
Next, 3 restaurants keys to success are location, location and location.
Strategic location is very important in this business because this business characters who "visited" not visiting customers. Find a location that really represents a lot of consumers, such as near the offices, markets, schools or 'crowd' of other potential.
No less important is the price of food. If too expensive, consumers will stay away. And if too low, then it will be branded food products are not cheap quality, also could reduce operating income.
How to determine the right price? View selling price of a competitor-certainly with your product quality and food portions are approximately equal. Then, set the selling price of your product is slightly cheaper than their selling prices for consumers willing to try your product. Remember, the selling price should have covered the cost of production and profit.





Contact Person :
Jln. Raya Pulogebang Km. 24 No. 24A
Tlp : ( 021 ) – 876543987, 8897654
E_mail : kitty.love’s_resto@ymail.com

KEDATON WEDDING CONSULTANT, PLANNER, & ORGANIZER

Wedding Organizer business is business services that provide services of organizing all activities related to the needs of a wedding. This business appears because of the opportunities in modern life who want speed, convenience, and practicality to address the problem of time deficiency urban communities.
With the increasing number of businesses that offer wedding organizing services, prospective users of services should be more selective in choosing wedding organizer reliable and trustworthy. In order for this business more competitive and to reach your target market, business services wedding organizers need to develop appropriate marketing programs. In a competitive market conditions, understand customer preferences is one key to success. Therefore, the necessary information about consumer preferences for wedding organizer business, where it will be the basis for preparing the marketing mix (marketing mix) that will run the business.
Research conducted in this thesis is a descriptive research with the object of research is limited in the city of Jakarta and Bandung, where data is collected through questionnaires and interviews. Based on the analysis of primary data and secondary data obtained from printed and Internet sources, to identify consumer preferences through purchasing behaviors and marketing variables, and then made the preparation of the marketing mix to suit consumer preferences for services wedding organizers, including seven mix of Product, Place, Price, Promotion, People, Physical Evidence, and Process. With regard to consumer preferences, the diversity of product and services offered by companies is the factor most into consideration in choosing a wedding organizer.
The wedding industry is a healthy, thriving, prosperous market to enter for anyone who has a genuine love of weddings, great people skills (a must), and who is looking to establish a business of their own. If you are looking for a fun and exciting field, a wedding coordination business could be perfect for you. The wedding industry is a healthy, thriving, prosperous market to enter for anyone who has great people skills (a must), and who is looking to establish a business of their own. Starting a wedding coordination business offers an opportunity to earn an excellent income, as well as the pride and self-satisfaction of business ownership, while doing something you already enjoy. It is a great business for those who love weddings and who are highly organized. It is also a natural progression for those already in the wedding industry - people who are currently operating bridal boutiques, wedding stores, floral services, catering companies, and reception venues.
Demand for a Wedding Coordinator
Weddings are big business. The Association of Bridal Consultants estimates that consumers spend a whopping $33 billion on their weddings every year. In 1999, the average wedding cost approximately $20,000, and many more couples spend on top of that amount. Today's bride is spending more money than ever before to ensure that her wedding day - the single most important day of her life - is planned to perfection. Once reserved only for the very rich, today's brides- and grooms-to-be, often busy with dual careers yet wanting to make their wedding uniquely personal, are turning to consultants for help. Wedding coordinators are being used more to help couples save time, money and considerable stress preparing for the wedding. More people are finding that a good wedding consultant could be a source of information, ideas, and contacts for the bride-to-be. Hiring a wedding consultant could help ensure that the wedding day ends far more spectacular than the bride has ever envisioned. They provide guidance on etiquette, invitations, planning and directing the rehearsal and ceremony, even arranging transportation and accommodations. Wedding consultants may also assist in locating a site for the ceremony, shopping for the wedding gown, arranging for childcare and shopping for wedding accessories. As such, professional wedding consultants are compensated well for their knowledge, talent, time, and expertise.
The services of wedding coordinators are also frequently used in the planning of other social events such as anniversaries, engagement parties, graduation celebrations and other similar functions. This creates the potential to tap into these other markets as well, thereby expanding the overall prospects of your wedding coordination business.
Role of the Wedding Coordinator
Wedding coordinators play an important role as professionals within the industry. A consultant's primary function is to help a couple learn, implement and manage all the necessary tasks required to host a successful wedding event. As a wedding coordinator, you assume the role of a planner, facilitator, mediator, money manager, artisan and organizer of all parties concerned. Your role is to be "on top" of everything - every finite detail of the wedding. Wedding planners can do just about everything - from arranging a budget and timetable to remembering to bring white bobby pins for your veil. Duties can include setting up appointments, offering etiquette advice, mailing invitations and recording responses, coordinating the decorations, negotiating contracts, and attending to many other details. However, many planners also set their limits as to what they can and cannot do. One wedding planner I know draws the line at writing the thank-you notes.
Weddings, being extremely emotional events, can oftentimes try the patience of a saint. The wedding coordinator must be able to "handle" any situation that will arise. You will be dealing with not with the bride and groom-to-be, but everyone else in their families and circle of friends. Even the most well-planned, beautifully orchestrated event has some sort of emotional twist or turn that a consultant must be able to skillfully negotiate.
Knowledge and Skills You Need to Have
The wedding coordinator is hired for the simple reason that they know the ins and outs of weddings -- the etiquette, the right people to work with, and the ways to manage within any budget. A professional wedding consultant is an experienced, organized, detail-oriented, imaginative, people-person, possessing mature judgment, patience and the expertise to orchestrate this special day.
A successful wedding planner needs to be an expert in hospitality, event planning, decorating and wedding trends and traditions. You need to be knowledgeable of the latest trends in wedding products and services, food, music, ceremony and reception decor.
You need to have a good fashion sense. You will be expected to advise the bride on the proper attire for the wedding party, appropriateness of gown styles in accordance with wedding formality, principals to use in assisting the bride in choosing veils and headpieces, guiding the bride through the process of apparel ordering & alterations.
The wedding business is a people business: hence, you must be a master in diplomacy possessing excellent communication skills. You must understand the bride's psychology, including her anxiety and stress, to work well with your client. You must also be an effective arbitrators to help the bride and groom (including their mothers) reach decisions harmoniously on the guest list, music, desired ambience, and other minute details.
You must have good networks, possessing good contacts with high-quality, reliable wedding services. These include photographers, videographers, florists, caterers, hotels, make-up artists, jewelers, churches and rental halls, musicians and disk jockeys, and even travel agents. Most of all, you need to have the skill to coordinate all of them.
Wedding planners are expected to turn a $10,000 wedding into looking like thousands more were spent. Thus, you need to be a creative negotiator who is quick to develop solutions and negotiate prices with suppliers.
Since most wedding coordinators are solo entrepreneurs, you also need to know bookkeeping, marketing, understanding and analyzing your market. You must develop a winning business concept and formula for your consulting service. You need to have basic and financial management skills and organizational ability to run a business and even oversee a wedding budget.
I know of a wedding coordinator who worked hard learning all the things she needs - spending time with a florist, assisting a caterer - before embarking on her own business. As you learn easy and inexpensive ways specific to the field of wedding coordination, you also need to know how to attract customers and build a fabulous reputation and clientele for your service within your local market.
Pricing Your Wedding Coordination Service
The pricing of a wedding coordinator will depend on the location, nature of tasks involved and your level of expertise. Some wedding coordinators charge based on a percentage of the wedding's cost, while others charge a flat fee. Flat fees may range from 10 to 15 percent of the wedding budget. Since the average wedding using a coordinator costs about $15,000, your earnings may run from $1,500 to about $2,000. Some others charge an hourly rate ranging from $50 to $150 per hour. According to many wedding coordinators, the average wedding takes about thirty-to-forty hours of coordinating, which ends up costing between $1,500 and $3,000.
Potential Earnings
It normally takes three years to establish a wedding consulting business, and five years to become profitable.
If you work on thirty weddings in a year at an average rate of $1,500 per wedding, you can expect to earn $45,000 in a year. If you work alone on a full-time basis, you can service about 40 weddings a year, providing nine man-days per wedding. To increase revenues, other wedding coordinators provide extra services such as printing invitations, selling accessories or renting tuxedos.
The wedding business is seasonal. The months of September, October, June and August are traditionally the busiest months. Winter months are slow; except if you are in a tropical country where December is also a busy wedding month.
Tips for Success
The wedding consulting business is extremely stressful, demanding, competitive and with small profit margins. You will be working on a number of elements over which you have no control.
If you think the wedding consulting business is the right business for you, here are some steps you need to take to start a wedding consulting business:
1. Consider apprenticeship. A good wedding coordinator must be able to anticipate events and plan every little detail about the wedding. However, it takes time to gather the level of knowledge you will need to plan and execute creative and well-managed weddings. Consider learning the profession by working for someone else at first. One of the best things you can do is to find a seasoned consultant and offer to work for them, even for free. Another way is to work closely with people involved in the business - the caterer, bridal designer, and other professionals in the field. It will help you gain a clearer view of the business, and gain some experience before you take the reins of your own business. You can always go solo once you have developed your skills.
2. Build your portfolio of satisfied clients. The wedding consulting business is built on reputation. Potential clients will want to look at your credentials and record of accomplishment in managing and organizing weddings. To help you build a portfolio of your work, organize weddings for families and friends. Be sure to get pictures from the photographer and a recommendation from the bride.
3. Constantly update your knowledge of wedding trends and etiquette. Read magazines to keep you abreast of the ins and outs of wedding protocol. You also need to learn about wedding and reception decorations, starting with flowers. Catch up on the latest trends on wedding attires. Take time to attend other weddings in order to learn some other great ideas that you can use in your business, as well as the big mistakes and fiascoes that you need to avoid. Attending bridal shows is also useful. Be sure to collect your ideas in a notebook.
4. Establish a network of suppliers that you can rely. Research the vendors that provide food, beverages, entertainment, clothing, and supplies for weddings within your region. It is important to know who is available and what they charge, and to be acquainted with their reputations. Establish relationships with your potential suppliers and negotiate for the best possible price.
5. Strive to improve your people skills. A wedding coordination business is people intensive: your success will greatly depend on how well you work well with your clients. The bride and groom, as well as their families, can be nervous about getting everything ready for the big day. You need to have the ability to maintain a cool head and possess social graces.
In addition to the international-style wedding, services Wedding Organizer now also often used in traditional marriage. Although the formation of committees commonly done in traditional family wedding, Wedding Organizer traditional business but still prospective. It is believed true by Rumiyati, owner and manager of Rumiyati Wedding Organizer. The woman who was familiarly called Bu Rum says, people now have advanced Java. Thus, WO services will remain in use in traditional marriage. He said that the Javanese is currently also a lot of busy work routine. They do not have enough time to prepare his own wedding.
Rumiyati Admittedly, there are those families who still question the presence of WO to take care of the wedding. "Why should wear WO, is not taken care of themselves can? It could even add a wedding budget? ". So assuming some people. But he guarantees, using WO, implementation of the marriage will become more regular. "We prepare from A to Z as much detail as possible. Preparations could be many months before.
After seeing the results, they find wearing WO is better, "he explained. WO Rumiyati themselves form originated from his job as a wedding or pranotocoro MC. He was well aware, doing business in the field of services is a matter of trust. Thus, service quality becomes the most advanced. "They use our services it is a belief”. Do not let this be abused, they said.
Other tips that should be kept to his business still exist and many people use is creativity. Rum admitted to having its own creative team consisting of young children. "My team is always trying to bring new concepts and different other than others, she said.

Contact Person :
Jln. Bintara 12 No.57 Bekasi Barat 17134
Tlp : ( 021 ) – 2622 – 1114, 0815 – 1450 – 7676
Fax : ( 021 ) – 3729 – 7978
E_mail : kedaton_art@yahoo.com



Wedding Organizer business is business services that provide services of organizing all activities related to the needs of a wedding. This business appears because of the opportunities in modern life who want speed, convenience, and practicality to address the problem of time deficiency urban communities.
With the increasing number of businesses that offer wedding organizing services, prospective users of services should be more selective in choosing wedding organizer reliable and trustworthy. In order for this business more competitive and to reach your target market, business services wedding organizers need to develop appropriate marketing programs. In a competitive market conditions, understand customer preferences is one key to success. Therefore, the necessary information about consumer preferences for wedding organizer business, where it will be the basis for preparing the marketing mix (marketing mix) that will run the business.
Research conducted in this thesis is a descriptive research with the object of research is limited in the city of Jakarta and Bandung, where data is collected through questionnaires and interviews. Based on the analysis of primary data and secondary data obtained from printed and Internet sources, to identify consumer preferences through purchasing behaviors and marketing variables, and then made the preparation of the marketing mix to suit consumer preferences for services wedding organizers, including seven mix of Product, Place, Price, Promotion, People, Physical Evidence, and Process. With regard to consumer preferences, the diversity of product and services offered by companies is the factor most into consideration in choosing a wedding organizer.
The wedding industry is a healthy, thriving, prosperous market to enter for anyone who has a genuine love of weddings, great people skills (a must), and who is looking to establish a business of their own. If you are looking for a fun and exciting field, a wedding coordination business could be perfect for you. The wedding industry is a healthy, thriving, prosperous market to enter for anyone who has great people skills (a must), and who is looking to establish a business of their own. Starting a wedding coordination business offers an opportunity to earn an excellent income, as well as the pride and self-satisfaction of business ownership, while doing something you already enjoy. It is a great business for those who love weddings and who are highly organized. It is also a natural progression for those already in the wedding industry - people who are currently operating bridal boutiques, wedding stores, floral services, catering companies, and reception venues.
Demand for a Wedding Coordinator
Weddings are big business. The Association of Bridal Consultants estimates that consumers spend a whopping $33 billion on their weddings every year. In 1999, the average wedding cost approximately $20,000, and many more couples spend on top of that amount. Today's bride is spending more money than ever before to ensure that her wedding day - the single most important day of her life - is planned to perfection. Once reserved only for the very rich, today's brides- and grooms-to-be, often busy with dual careers yet wanting to make their wedding uniquely personal, are turning to consultants for help. Wedding coordinators are being used more to help couples save time, money and considerable stress preparing for the wedding. More people are finding that a good wedding consultant could be a source of information, ideas, and contacts for the bride-to-be. Hiring a wedding consultant could help ensure that the wedding day ends far more spectacular than the bride has ever envisioned. They provide guidance on etiquette, invitations, planning and directing the rehearsal and ceremony, even arranging transportation and accommodations. Wedding consultants may also assist in locating a site for the ceremony, shopping for the wedding gown, arranging for childcare and shopping for wedding accessories. As such, professional wedding consultants are compensated well for their knowledge, talent, time, and expertise.
The services of wedding coordinators are also frequently used in the planning of other social events such as anniversaries, engagement parties, graduation celebrations and other similar functions. This creates the potential to tap into these other markets as well, thereby expanding the overall prospects of your wedding coordination business.
Role of the Wedding Coordinator
Wedding coordinators play an important role as professionals within the industry. A consultant's primary function is to help a couple learn, implement and manage all the necessary tasks required to host a successful wedding event. As a wedding coordinator, you assume the role of a planner, facilitator, mediator, money manager, artisan and organizer of all parties concerned. Your role is to be "on top" of everything - every finite detail of the wedding. Wedding planners can do just about everything - from arranging a budget and timetable to remembering to bring white bobby pins for your veil. Duties can include setting up appointments, offering etiquette advice, mailing invitations and recording responses, coordinating the decorations, negotiating contracts, and attending to many other details. However, many planners also set their limits as to what they can and cannot do. One wedding planner I know draws the line at writing the thank-you notes.
Weddings, being extremely emotional events, can oftentimes try the patience of a saint. The wedding coordinator must be able to "handle" any situation that will arise. You will be dealing with not with the bride and groom-to-be, but everyone else in their families and circle of friends. Even the most well-planned, beautifully orchestrated event has some sort of emotional twist or turn that a consultant must be able to skillfully negotiate.
Knowledge and Skills You Need to Have
The wedding coordinator is hired for the simple reason that they know the ins and outs of weddings -- the etiquette, the right people to work with, and the ways to manage within any budget. A professional wedding consultant is an experienced, organized, detail-oriented, imaginative, people-person, possessing mature judgment, patience and the expertise to orchestrate this special day.
A successful wedding planner needs to be an expert in hospitality, event planning, decorating and wedding trends and traditions. You need to be knowledgeable of the latest trends in wedding products and services, food, music, ceremony and reception decor.
You need to have a good fashion sense. You will be expected to advise the bride on the proper attire for the wedding party, appropriateness of gown styles in accordance with wedding formality, principals to use in assisting the bride in choosing veils and headpieces, guiding the bride through the process of apparel ordering & alterations.
The wedding business is a people business: hence, you must be a master in diplomacy possessing excellent communication skills. You must understand the bride's psychology, including her anxiety and stress, to work well with your client. You must also be an effective arbitrators to help the bride and groom (including their mothers) reach decisions harmoniously on the guest list, music, desired ambience, and other minute details.
You must have good networks, possessing good contacts with high-quality, reliable wedding services. These include photographers, videographers, florists, caterers, hotels, make-up artists, jewelers, churches and rental halls, musicians and disk jockeys, and even travel agents. Most of all, you need to have the skill to coordinate all of them.
Wedding planners are expected to turn a $10,000 wedding into looking like thousands more were spent. Thus, you need to be a creative negotiator who is quick to develop solutions and negotiate prices with suppliers.
Since most wedding coordinators are solo entrepreneurs, you also need to know bookkeeping, marketing, understanding and analyzing your market. You must develop a winning business concept and formula for your consulting service. You need to have basic and financial management skills and organizational ability to run a business and even oversee a wedding budget.
I know of a wedding coordinator who worked hard learning all the things she needs - spending time with a florist, assisting a caterer - before embarking on her own business. As you learn easy and inexpensive ways specific to the field of wedding coordination, you also need to know how to attract customers and build a fabulous reputation and clientele for your service within your local market.
Pricing Your Wedding Coordination Service
The pricing of a wedding coordinator will depend on the location, nature of tasks involved and your level of expertise. Some wedding coordinators charge based on a percentage of the wedding's cost, while others charge a flat fee. Flat fees may range from 10 to 15 percent of the wedding budget. Since the average wedding using a coordinator costs about $15,000, your earnings may run from $1,500 to about $2,000. Some others charge an hourly rate ranging from $50 to $150 per hour. According to many wedding coordinators, the average wedding takes about thirty-to-forty hours of coordinating, which ends up costing between $1,500 and $3,000.
Potential Earnings
It normally takes three years to establish a wedding consulting business, and five years to become profitable.
If you work on thirty weddings in a year at an average rate of $1,500 per wedding, you can expect to earn $45,000 in a year. If you work alone on a full-time basis, you can service about 40 weddings a year, providing nine man-days per wedding. To increase revenues, other wedding coordinators provide extra services such as printing invitations, selling accessories or renting tuxedos.
The wedding business is seasonal. The months of September, October, June and August are traditionally the busiest months. Winter months are slow; except if you are in a tropical country where December is also a busy wedding month.
Tips for Success
The wedding consulting business is extremely stressful, demanding, competitive and with small profit margins. You will be working on a number of elements over which you have no control.
If you think the wedding consulting business is the right business for you, here are some steps you need to take to start a wedding consulting business:
1. Consider apprenticeship. A good wedding coordinator must be able to anticipate events and plan every little detail about the wedding. However, it takes time to gather the level of knowledge you will need to plan and execute creative and well-managed weddings. Consider learning the profession by working for someone else at first. One of the best things you can do is to find a seasoned consultant and offer to work for them, even for free. Another way is to work closely with people involved in the business - the caterer, bridal designer, and other professionals in the field. It will help you gain a clearer view of the business, and gain some experience before you take the reins of your own business. You can always go solo once you have developed your skills.
2. Build your portfolio of satisfied clients. The wedding consulting business is built on reputation. Potential clients will want to look at your credentials and record of accomplishment in managing and organizing weddings. To help you build a portfolio of your work, organize weddings for families and friends. Be sure to get pictures from the photographer and a recommendation from the bride.
3. Constantly update your knowledge of wedding trends and etiquette. Read magazines to keep you abreast of the ins and outs of wedding protocol. You also need to learn about wedding and reception decorations, starting with flowers. Catch up on the latest trends on wedding attires. Take time to attend other weddings in order to learn some other great ideas that you can use in your business, as well as the big mistakes and fiascoes that you need to avoid. Attending bridal shows is also useful. Be sure to collect your ideas in a notebook.
4. Establish a network of suppliers that you can rely. Research the vendors that provide food, beverages, entertainment, clothing, and supplies for weddings within your region. It is important to know who is available and what they charge, and to be acquainted with their reputations. Establish relationships with your potential suppliers and negotiate for the best possible price.
5. Strive to improve your people skills. A wedding coordination business is people intensive: your success will greatly depend on how well you work well with your clients. The bride and groom, as well as their families, can be nervous about getting everything ready for the big day. You need to have the ability to maintain a cool head and possess social graces.
In addition to the international-style wedding, services Wedding Organizer now also often used in traditional marriage. Although the formation of committees commonly done in traditional family wedding, Wedding Organizer traditional business but still prospective. It is believed true by Rumiyati, owner and manager of Rumiyati Wedding Organizer. The woman who was familiarly called Bu Rum says, people now have advanced Java. Thus, WO services will remain in use in traditional marriage. He said that the Javanese is currently also a lot of busy work routine. They do not have enough time to prepare his own wedding.
Rumiyati Admittedly, there are those families who still question the presence of WO to take care of the wedding. "Why should wear WO, is not taken care of themselves can? It could even add a wedding budget? ". So assuming some people. But he guarantees, using WO, implementation of the marriage will become more regular. "We prepare from A to Z as much detail as possible. Preparations could be many months before.
After seeing the results, they find wearing WO is better, "he explained. WO Rumiyati themselves form originated from his job as a wedding or pranotocoro MC. He was well aware, doing business in the field of services is a matter of trust. Thus, service quality becomes the most advanced. "They use our services it is a belief”. Do not let this be abused, they said.
Other tips that should be kept to his business still exist and many people use is creativity. Rum admitted to having its own creative team consisting of young children. "My team is always trying to bring new concepts and different other than others, she said.

Contact Person :
Jln. Bintara 12 No.57 Bekasi Barat 17134
Tlp : ( 021 ) – 2622 – 1114, 0815 – 1450 – 7676
Fax : ( 021 ) – 3729 – 7978
E_mail : kedaton_art@yahoo.com

Surat Panggilan Kerja

ASTRA INTERNATIONAL TBK
Jl. RA, Kartini Kav.203 Cilandak
Jakarta Selatan 12430
Tlp : 021 - 7691072



06th Maret, 2011


Mr. Robert Jhonsen
Executive Director
Branch BMW Cilandak
Jl. Raya Pulogebang, Gg. Asrama Gupusmu III
Rt 06 / Rw 03 No.12
Jakarta Timur, 19350



Dear Mr. Jhon Daniel,

Miss Tias smith has applied for the position of Account Executive (AE) of company and has given your name as a reference.

We would be very grateful if you could give of us your opinion of her suitability for the position we have. We are particularly interested in oppointing someone with Management background and some work experience with administrative skills.

Any information that you can give us will of course be treated as strictly confidential.




Yours Sincerely,




Baharudin P. Brith
Personal Manager

CV Surat Lamaran Kerja

CURRICULUM VITATE



Personal Details :

Full Name : TIAS EKA SETIYOWATI
Sex : Female
Place, Date of Birth : Malang, January 30th, 1990
Nationality : Indonesia
Marital Status : Single
Height, Weight : 165 cm, 92 kg
Health : Perfect
Religion : Muslim
Address : Jln.Raya Pulogebang, Gg.Asrama Gupusmu III,
Rt 06/ Rw 03 No.12, Jakarta Timur 19350
Mobile : 081289288147
Phone : 021 - 48701789
E-mail : tias_ek4@yahoo.co.id

Educational Background :
1994 - 1997 : TK.Kartika Candradinata, Jakarta
1998 - 2003 : Elementary School SDN Bintara 1, Bekasi
2003 - 2004 : Junior High School SLTPN 172, Jakarta
2005 - 2007 : Senior High School Corpatarin Utama, Jakarta
2007 - 2011 : Management at the University of Gunadarma, Bekasi

Skills : having skill in English, both written, and oral and also operating computer.
Reference : Forwarded upon request
Interest : Account Executive (AE).
Language : Fluency in English and Japanase




Jakarta, February 26, 2011



Tias Eka Setiyowati

Surat Lamaran Kerja Bahasa Inggris

Jl. Raya Pulogebang
Gg. Asrama Gupusmu III
Rt 06 / Rw 03 No.12
Jakarta Timur, 19350
Phone : 021 - 48701789



February 26th, 2011



Attention To :
HRD Manager
PT. Astra International. Tbk Branch BMW Cilandak.
Jl. RA, Kartini Kav.203 Cilandak
Jakarta Selatan 12430.
Tlp : 021 - 7691072

Dear Sir / Madam,
Having known about a vacancy advertised on Kompas, February 26, 2011, I am interested in the position of Account Executive (AE).
I am a 21 years old female, graduated from a Gunadarma University, having skill in English, both written and oral and also operating computer. I am not to process experience skills in to work.
I would gladly welcome an opportunity to have an interview with you at your convenience. I hope my skills can be one of your company's assest. I am looking forward to hearing from you in the near future. Thank you for your consideration and attention.




Sincerely yours,



Tias Eka Setiyowati

TANGGUNG JAWAB SOSIAL PERUSAHAAN

1. Syarat bagi Tanggung Jawab Moral
• Tindakan itu dijalankan oleh pribadi yang rasional
• Bebas dari tekanan, ancaman, paksaan atau apapun namanya
• Orang yang melakukan tindakan tertentu memang mau melakukan tindakan itu.

2. Status Perusahaan
Terdapat dua pandangan (Richard T. De George, Business Ethics, hlm.153), yaitu:
• Legal-creator, perusahaan sepenuhnya ciptaan hukum, karena itu ada hanya berdasarkan hukum
• Legal-recognition, suatu usaha bebas dan produktif
Tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan hanya dinilai dan diukur berdasarkan sejauh mana perusahaan itu berhasil mendatangkan keuntungan sebesar-besarnya

Ini hanyalah bentuk tanggung jawab legal…
 Anggapan bahwa perusahaan tidak punya tanggung jawab moral sama saja dengan mengatakan bahwa kegiatan perusahaan bukanlah kegiatan yang dijalankan oleh manusia
 Tanggung jawab moral perusahaan dijalankan oleh staf manajemen
 Tanggung jawab legal tidak dapat dipisahkan dari tanggung jawab moral
Sesungguhnya, pada tingkat operasional bukan hanya staf manajemen yang memikul tanggung jawab sosial dan moral perusahaan ini, melainkan seluruh karyawan….

3. Lingkup Tanggung jawab Sosial
• Keterlibatan perusahaan dalam kegiatan sosial yang berguna bagi kepentingan masyarakat luas
• Keuntungan ekonomis

4. Argumen yang Menentang Perlunya Keterlibatan Sosial Perusahaan
• Tujuan utama Bisnis adalah Mengejar Keuntungan Sebesar-besarnya
• Tujuan yang terbagi-bagi dan Harapan yang membingungkan
• Biaya Keterlibatan Sosial
• Kurangnya Tenaga Terampil di Bidang Kegiatan Sosial

5. Argumen yang Mendukung Perlunya Keterlibatan Sosial Perusahaan
• Kebutuhan dan Harapan Masyarakat yang Semakin Berubah
• Terbatasnya Sumber Daya Alam
• Lingkungan Sosial yang Lebih Baik
• Perimbangan Tanggung Jawab dan Kekuasaan
• Bisnis Mempunyai Sumber Daya yang Berguna
• Keuntungan Jangka Panjang


6. Implementasi Tanggung Jawab Sosial Perusahaan
• Prinsip utama dalam suatu organisasi profesional, termasuk perusahaan, adalah bahwa struktur mengikuti strategi
• Artinya, struktur suatu organisasi didasarkan ditentukan oleh strategi dari organisasi atau perusahaan itu
• Strategi yang diwujudkan melalui struktur organisasi demi mencapai tujuan dan misi perusahaan perlu dievaluasi secara periodik, salah satu bentuk evaluasi yang mencakup nilai-nilai dan tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan adalah Audit Sosial.

ETIKA UTILITARIANISME DALAM BISNIS

Etika Utilitarianisme Dalam Bisnis
• Kriteria dan Prinsip Etika Utilitarianisme
• Nilai Positif Etika Utilitarianisme
• Utilitarianisme Sebagai Proses dan Standar Penilaian
• Analisa Keuntungan dan Kerugian
• Kelemahan Etika Utilitarianisme
Etika Utilitarianisme
• Dikembangkan pertama kali oleh Jeremi Bentham (1748 -1832).
• Adalah tentang bagaimana menilai baik buruknya suatu kebijaksanaan sosial politik, ekonomi dan legal secara moral.
•
Kriteria dan Prinsip Etika Utilitarianisme
 Pertama, MANFAAT
 Kedua, MANFAAT TERBESAR
 Ketiga, MANFAAT TERBESAR BAGI SEBANYAK MUNGKIN ORANG
Bertindaklah sedemikian rupa sehingga tindakanmu itu mendatangkan keuntungan sebesar mungkin bagi sebanyak mungkin orang.

Nilai Positif Etika Utilitarianisme
• Pertama, Rasionalitas.
• Kedua, Utilitarianisme sangat menghargai kebebasan setiap pelaku moral.
• Ketiga, Universalitas.

Utilitarianisme sbg proses dan sebagai Standar Penilaian
• Pertama, etika utilitarianisme digunakan sbg proses untuk mengambil keputusan, kebijaksanaan atau untuk bertindak.
• Kedua, etika utilitarianisme sebagai standar penilaian bagi tindakan atau kebijaksanaan yang telah dilakukan.

Analisis Keuntungan dan Kerugian
• Dalam Etika Utilitarianisme, manfaat dan kerugian selalu dikaitkan dg semua orang yg terkait, shg analisis keuntungan dan kerugian tidak lagi semata-mata tertuju langsung pd keuntungan bagi perusahaan.

Analisis keuntungan dan kerugian dalam kerangka Etika bisnis:
• Pertama, keuntungan dan kerugian, cost and benefits, yg dianalisis tidak dipusatkan pd keuntungan dan kerugian perusahaan.
• Kedua, analisis keuntungan dan kerugian tidak ditempatkan dlm kerangka uang.
• Ketiga, analisis keuntungan dan kerugian untuk jangka panjang

Langkah konkret yang perlu diambil dalam membuat kebijaksanaan bisnis , berkaitan dg Analisis keuntungan dan kerugian :
• Mengumpulkan dan mempertimbangkan alternatif kebijaksanaan dan kegiatan bisnis sebanyak-banyaknya.
• Seluruh alternatif pilihan dalam analisis keuntungan dan kerugian, dinilai berdasarkan keuntungan yg menyangkut aspek-aspek moral.
• Analisis Neraca keuntungan dan kerugian perlu dipertimbangkan dalam kerangka jk panjang.

Kelemahan Etika Utilitarisme
• Pertama, manfaat merupakan konsep yg begitu luas shg dalam kenyataan praktis akan menimbulkan kesulitan yg tidak sedikit
• Kedua, etika utilitarisme tidak pernah menganggap serius nilai suatu tindakan pd dirinya sendiri dan hanya memperhatikan nilai suatu tindakan sejauh berkaitan dg akibatnya.
• Ketiga, etika utilitarisme tidak pernah menganggap serius kemauan baik seseorang
• Keempat, variabel yg dinilai tidak semuanya dpt dikualifikasi.
• Kelima, seandainya ketiga kriteria dari etika utilitarisme saling bertentangan, maka akan ada kesulitan dlam menentukan proiritas di antara ketiganya
• Keenam, etika utilitarisme membenarkan hak kelompok minoritas tertentu dikorbankan demi kepentingan mayoritas

KRITIK ATAS ETIKA BISNIS

Etika bisnis sebagai usaha intelektual dan akademis yang baru pasti. Oleh karena itu, etika bisnis harus terbuka bagi kritik yang membangun, seperti halnya dengan setiap usaha intelektual yang serius. Tetapi kadang kala terjadi juga etika bisnis menjadi bulan – bulanan dari kritik yang tidak tepat. Disini akan dibahas beberapa contoh yang akan bisa membantu mendapatkan gambaran lebih lengkap tentang etika bisnis sebagai pedoman dalam berbisnis. Yaitu diantaranya
1. Etika Bisnis Mendiskriminasi
2. Etika Bisnis Kontradiktif
3. Etika Bisnis Tidak Praktis
4. Etikawan Tidak Bisa Mengambil Alih Tanggung Jawab

BISNIS DAN ETIKA

 Mitos Bisnis Amoral
Mengungkapkan suatu keyakinan bahwa antara bisnis dan moralitas atau etika tidak ada hubungan sama sekali
Etika justru bertentangan dengan bisnis dan akan membuat pelaku bisnis kalah dalam persaingan bisnis yang ketat
Orang bisnis tidak perlu memperhatikan imbauan-imbauan, norma-norma dan nilai moral
Argumen:
 Bisnis adalah suatu persaingan, sehingga pelaku bisnis harus berusaha dengan segala cara dan upaya untuk bisa menang
 Aturan yang dipakai dalam permainan penuh persaingan, berbeda dari aturan yang dikenal dalam kehidupan sosial sehingga tidak bisa dinilai dengan aturan moral dan sosial
 Orang bisnis yang mau mematuhi aturan moral atau etika akan berada pada posisi yang tidak menguntungkan
Mitos bisnis amoral tidak sepenuhnya benar
 Beberapa perusahaan ternyata bisa berhasil karena memegang teguh kode etis dan komitmen moral tertentu
 Bisnis adalah bagian aktivitas yang penting dari masyarakat, sehingga norma atau nilai yang dianggap baik dan berlaku di masyarakat ikut dibawa serta dalam kegiatan bisnis
 Harus dibedakan antara legalitas dan moralitas
Suatu praktek atau kegiatan bisnis mungkin saja diterima secara legal karena ada dasar hukum, tetapi tidak diterima secara moral (monopoli?).
Keutamaan Etika bisnis
1. Dalam bisnis modern, para pelaku bisnis dituntut untuk menjadi orang-orang profesional di bidangnya
Perusahaan yang unggul bukan hanya memiliki kinerja dalam bisnis,manajerial dan finansial yang baik akan tetapi juga kinerja etis dan etos bisnis yang baik
2. Dalam persaingan bisnis yang sangat ketat,maka konsumen benar-benar raja
Kepercayaan konsumen dijaga dengan memperlihatkan citra bisnis yang baik dan etis
3. Dalam sistem pasar terbuka dengan peran pemerintah yang menjamin kepentingan dan hak bagi semua pihak, maka perusahaan harus menjalankan bisnisnya dengan baik dan etis
4. Perusahaan modern sangat menyadari bahwa karyawan bukanlah tenaga yang harus dieksploitasi demi mendapat keuntungan
Kenneth Blanchard dan Norman Vincent Peale: “perlakuan yang baik terhadap karyawan telah menaikkan keuntungan perusahaan sebesar 20% atau telah menurunkan harga produk perusahaan tersebut sebesar 20%.
Sasaran dan Lingkup Etika Bisnis
1. Etika bisnis bertujuan untuk menghimbau pelaku bisnis agar menjalankan bisnisnya secara baik dan etis
2. Untuk menyadarkan masyarakat khususnya konsumen, buruh atau karyawan dan masyarakat luas akan hak dan kepentingan mereka yang tidak boleh dilanggar oleh praktek bisnis siapapun juga
3. Etika bisnis juga berbicara mengenai sistem ekonomi yang sangat menentukan etis tidaknya suatu praktek bisnis.
Prinsip-prinsip Etika Bisnis
1. Prinsip otonomi
Otonomi adalah sikap dan kemampuan manusia untuk mengambil keputusan dan bertindak berdasarkan kesadaran sendiri tentang apa yang dianggapnya baik untuk dilakukan.
Orang yang otonom adalah orang yang bebas mengambil keputusan dan tindakan serta bertanggung jawab atas keputusan dan tindakannya tersebut
2. Prinsip Kejujuran
 Kejujuran dalam pemenuhan syarat-syarat perjanjian dan kontrak
 Kejujuran dalam penawaran barang dan jasa dengan mutu dan harga sebanding
 Kejujuran dalam hubungan kerja intern dalam suatu perusahaan
3. Prinsip Keadilan
Prinsip keadilan menuntut agar setiap orang diperlakukan secara sama sesuai dengan aturan yang adil dan sesuai dengan kriteria yang rasional objektif dan dapat dipertanggung jawabkan.
4.Prinsip Saling Menguntungkan
Prinsip ini menuntut agar bisnis dijalankan sedemikian rupa sehingga menguntungkan semua pihak.
Dalam bisnis yang kompetitif, prinsip ini menuntut agar persaingan bisnis haruslah melahirkan suatu win-win solution
5.Prinsip Integritas Moral
Prinsip ini dihayati sebagai tuntutan internal dalam diri pelaku bisnis atau perusahaan agar dia menjalankan bisnis dengan tetap menjaga nama baiknya atau nama baik perusahaan
Etos Bisnis
Etos bisnis adalah suatu kebiasaan atau budaya moral menyangkut kegiatan bisnis yang dianut dalam suatu perusahaan dari satu generasi ke generasi yang lain.
Inti etos ini adalah pembudayaan atau pembiasaan penghayatan akan nilai, norma, atau prinsip moral tertentu yang dianggap sebagai inti kekuatan dari suatu perusahaan yang juga membedakannya dari perusahaan yang lain.
Etos bisnis dibangun atas dasar visi atau filsafat bisnis pendiri perusahaan sebagai penghayatan tentang bisnis yang baik
Relativitas Moral dalam Bisnis
Dalam bisnis global yang tidak mengenal batas negara, etika masyarakat mana yang harus diikuti?
Tiga pandangan umum yang dianut :
1. Norma etis berbeda antara satu tempat dengan tempat yang lain.
‘’Kalau di Roma, bertindaklah sebagaimana dilakukan orang roma’’( kubu komunitarian )
Artinya perusahaan harus mengikuti norma dan aturan moral yang berlaku di negara itu
2. Norma sendirilah yang paling benar dan tepat
“Bertindaklah di mana saja sesuai dengan prinsip yang dianut dan berlaku di negaramu sendiri”
Pandangan ini mewakili kubu moralisme universal, bahwa pada dasarnya norma dan nilai moral berlaku universal (prinsip yang dianut sendiri juga berlaku di negara lain)
3. Tidak ada norma moral yang perlu diikuti sama sekali (De George menyebutnya sebagai dengan”immoralis naif”)
Pandangan ini sama sekali tidak benar
 Pendekatan stakeholder ialah cara mengamati dan menjelaskan secara analitis bagaimana berbagai unsur akan dipengaruhi dan juga mempengaruhi keputusan dan tindakan bisnis
 Memetakan hubungan-hubungan yang terjalin
 Pendekatan Stakeholder dalam kegiatan bisnis pada umumnya untuk memperlihatkan siapa saja yang mempunyai kepentingan, terkait, dan terlibat dalam bisnis itu
Kelompok stakeholders:
1. Kelompok primer. Pemilik modal atau saham, kreditor, karyawan, pemasok, konsumen, penyalur dan pesaing atau rekanan. Perusahaan harus menjalin relasi bisnis yang baik dan etis dengan kelompok ini

2. Kelompok sekunder. Pemerintah setempat, pemerintah asing, kelompok sosial, media massa, kelompok pendukung, masyarakat

Etika Bisnis dapat dilihat dari sudut pandang

1. Sudut pandang ekonomis
Bisnis adalah kegiatan ekonomis, yang terjadi dalam kegiatan ini adalah tukar – menukar, jual – beli, memproduksi – memasarkan, bekerja – mempekerjakan, dan interaksi manusiawi lainnya, dengan maksud memperoleh keuntungan. Dalam bisnis modern untung itu diekspresikan dalam bentu uang, tetapi hal itu tidak hakiki untuk bisnis. Yang penting ialah kegiatan antar manusia ini bertujuan mencari untung dan karena itu menjadi kegiatan ekonomis.
2. Sudut pandang moral
Bisnis yang baik (good business) bukan saja bisnis yang mengutamakan bisnis yang baik adalah juga bisnis yang baik secara moral. Malah harus ditekankan, arti dari moral tersebut adalah salah satu arti penting bagi kata baik. Berperilaku yang baik juga dalam konteks bisnis marupakan perilaku yang sesuai dengan norma – norma moral, sedangkan perilaku yang buruk bertentangan dengan atau menyimpang dari norma – norma moral. Suatu perbuatan dapat dinilai dengan baik menurut arti terdalam justru kalau memenuhi standart etis tersebut.
3. Sudut pandang hokum
Bisnis berlaku etis, mereka menegaskan jika bisnis selama tidak melanggar dan mematuhi aturan hokum. Jika perilaku bisnis ini legal, maka dari sudut moral juga semuanya beres. Karena alasan – alasan yang dijelaskan sebelumnya, pendapat itu tidak betul atau lebih tepat tidak lengkap. Tentu saja sangat diharapkan bisnis akan mematuhi hokum dan peraturan yang berlaku.

Pengertian dan Faktor Sejarah dan Budaya dalam Etika Bisnis

1. Pengertian Etika Bisnis
Kata “etika” dan “etis” tidak selalu dipakai dalam arti yang sama dan karena itu pula “etika bisnis” bisa berbeda arti. Suatu uraian sistematis tentang etika binis sebaiknya dimulai dengan menyelidiki dan menjernihkan cara kata seperti “etika” dan “etis” dipakai. Perlu diakui, ada beberapa kemungkinan yang tidak seratus persen sama, walaupun perbedaannya tidak seberapa untuk menjalankan penyeledikkan ini. Ada dua cara untuk menganalisis arti- arti “etika” adalah membedakan antara etika sebagai praksis dan etika sebagai refleksi.
Yang disebut dengan etika praksis yaitu suatu nilai – nilai dan norma – norma moral yang dapat diperaktekkan maupun tidak dipraktekkan. Sedangkan pada etika sebagai refleksi yaitu pemikiran moral yang artinya berpikir tentang apa yang akan dilakukan dan khususnya tentang apa yang harus dilakukan ataupun tidak boleh dilakukan.

2. Faktor Sejarah dan Budaya dalam Etika Bisnis
Hanya beberapa unsur saja yang akan dibahas dalam pandangan sejarah dan budaya dalam etika bisnis yang berkaitan dengan factor – factor yang etis yaitu terdiri dari :
a. Kebudayaan Yunani Kuno
Pada umumnya masyarakat yunani kuno berprasangka terhadap kegiatan dagang dan kekayaan. Warga Negara yang bebas yang seharusnya mencurahkan perhatian dan waktunya untuk kesenian dan pengetahuan filsafat, disamping itu mereka memberikan sumbangsih kepada pengurusan Negara dan kalau keadaan mendesak akan turut membela Negara.




b. Agama Kristen
Dalam Kitab Suci Kristen yaitu perjanjian lama maupun perjanjian baru dalam etika bisnis merupakan suatu tolak ukur dimana akan terjadinya kesuksesan maupun tidak suksesnya. Maka dari itu, jika dalam berbisnis menghasilakan yang lebih banya maka jangan lupakan anak yatim dan janda dalam beramal.

c. Agama Islam
Dalam Kitab Suci AL-Qur’an terdapat peringatan bahwa dalam berdagang maupun berbisnis harus mengikuti peraturan yang berlaku didunia maupun diakherat untuk mencapai suatu kesuksesan yang baik.

d. Kebudayaan Jawa
Pada pandangan jawa etika bisnis yaitu suatu pandangan yang sifatnya kondunsif yaitu sesuatu kekayaan atau usaha tidak akan berarti jika melenceng keluar dari aturan etika yang berlaku.

e. Sikap modern dewasa ini
Dilihat dari pandangan zaman sekarang ini adanya saling merebut kekuasaan satu sama lain yang tidak memperhatikan suatu etika dan peraturan pemerintahan yang berlaku.

BISNIS : SEBUAH PROFESI ETIS ?

• Etika Terapan
• Etika Profesi
• Menuju Bisnis Sebagai Profesi Luhur


Bisnis, bisa menjadi sebuah profesi etis, bila :
a. Ditunjang oleh sistem politik ekonomi yang kondusif
- aturan yg jelas dan fair
- kepastian keberlakuan aturan tersebut
- aturan hukum yg mengatur kegiatan bisnis
- sistem pemerintahan yg adil dan efektif
b. Prinsip-prinsip etis untuk berbisnis yang baik

1. Etika Terapan
Secara umum Etika dibagi menjadi :
a. Etika Umum
b. Etika Khusus
Etika Umum berbicara mengenai norma dan nilai moral, kondisi-kondisi dasar bagi manusia untuk bertindak secara etis, bgmn manusia mengambil keputusan etis, teori-teori etika, lembaga-lembaga normatif dan semacamnya.
Etika Khusus adalah penerapan prinsip-prinsip atau norma-norma moral dasar dalam bidang kehidupan yg khusus.



Etika Terapan
Etika sebagai Refleksi adalah pemikiran moral.
Etika sbg refleksi krisis rasional meneropongi dan merefleksi kehidupan manusia dg mendasarkan diri pada norma dan nilai moral yg ada di satu pihak dan situasi khusus dari bidang kehidupan dan kegiatan khusus yg dilakukan setiap orang atau kelompok orang dlm suatu masyarakat.
Dalam etika sebagai refleksi kita berfikir tentang apa yang dilakukan dari khususnya tentang apa yang harus dilakukan atau tidak boleh dilakukan.
Etika sebagai refleksi menyoroti dan menilai baik buruknya perilaku orang. Etika dalam arti ini dapat dijalankan pada taraf populer maupun ilmiah

Etika Khusus
Etika Khusus dibagi menjadi 3 :
a. Etika Individual
b. Etika Sosial
c. Etika Lingkungan hidup
Etika Individual lebih menyangkut kewajiban dan sikap manusia thd dirinya sendiri.
Etika Sosial berbicara mengenai kewajiban dan hak, sikap dan pola perilaku manusia sbg makhluk sosial dlm interaksinya dg sesamanya.
Etika individual dan etika sosial berkaitan erat satu sama lain. Karena kewajiban seseorang thd dirinya berkaitan langsung dan dalam banyak hal mempengaruhi pula kewajibannya thd orang lain, dn dmk pula sebaliknya.

Etika Khusus
Etika Lingkungan Hidup, berbicara mengenai hubungan antara manusia baik sbg kelompok dg lingkungan alam yg lbh luas dlm totalitasnya, dan jg hubungan antara manusia yg satu dg manusia yg lainnya yg berdampak langsung atau tdk langsung pd lingkungan hidup scr keseluruhan.
Etika Lingkungan dapat berupa :
- Cabang dari etika sosial, sejauh menyangkut hubungan antara manusia dengan manusia yang berdampak pada lingkungan,
- Berdiri sendiri, sejauh menyangkut hubungan antara manusia dengan lingkungannya.
Skema Etika :
Etika :
• Etika Umum :
o Etika Individual : Sikap thd sesama : Beomedis
Etika Keluarga : Bisnis
Etika Gender : Hukum
Etika Profesi : Ilmu Pengetahuan
Etika Politik : Pendidikan
Kritik Ideologi : Dsb
o Etika Sosial,
o Etika Lingkungan.

• Etika Khusus



2. Etika Profesi
a. Pengertian Profesi
Profesi dpt dirumuskan sbg pekerjaan yg dilakukan sbg nafkah hidup dg mengandalkan keahlian dan keterampilan yg tinggi dan dg melibatkan komitmen pribadi (moral) yg mendalam.
Orang Profesional adalah orang yg melakukan suatu pekerjaan purna waktu dan hidup dari pekerjaan itu dg mengandalkan keahlian dan ketrampilan yg tinggi serta punya komitmen pribadi yg mendalam atas pekerjaannya itu. Atau
Orang yang profesional adalah orang yg melakukan suatu pekerjaan karena ahli di bidang tsb dan meluangkan seluruh waktu, tenaga, dan perhatiannya untuk pekerjan tsb.
b. Ciri-ciri Etika Profesi
 Adanya keahlian dan ketrampilan khusus
 Adanya komitmen moral yg tinggi
 Biasanya orang yg profesional adalah orang yg hidup dari profesinya
 Pengabdian kepada masyarakat
 Pada profesi luhur biasanya ada izin khusus untuk menjalankan profesi tsb.
 Kaum profesional biasanya menjadi anggota dari suatu organisasi profesi

Adanya komitmen moral yg tinggi
Komitmen moral ini biasanya dituangkan, khususnya untuk profesi yg luhur dalam bentuk aturan khusus yg menjadi pegangan bg setiap orang yg mengemban profesi ybs.
Aturan main dlm menjalankan atau mengemban profesi tsb biasanya disebut Kode Etik.

Ada 2 sasaran pokok dari kode etik, yaitu :
 kode etik bermaksud melindungi masyarakat dari kemungkinan dirugikan oleh kelalaian entah secara sengaja atau tidak sengaja dari kaum profesional
 kode etik bertujuan melindungi keluhuran profesi tsb dari perilaku-perilaku bobrok orang-orang ttt yg mengaku diri profesional
Biasanya orang yg profesional adalah orang yg hidup dari profesinya
• ini berarti ia hidup sepenuhnya dari profesi ini
• Ini berarti profesinya telah membentuk identitas orang tsb. Ia tdk bisa lagi dipisahkan dari profesi itu, berarti ia menjadi dirinya berkat dan melalui profesinya
Pengabdian kepada masyarakat
• Adanya komitmen moral yg tertuang dalam kode etik profesi ataupun sumpah jabatan menyiratkan bahwa orang-orang yg mengemban profesi tertentu, khususnya profesi luhur, lebih mendahulukan dan mengutamakan kepentingan masyarakat daripada kepentingan pribadinya.
Profesi luhur biasanya ada izin khusus untuk menjalankan profesi tersebut
• Keberadaan izin khusus, karena menyangkut kepentingan orang banyak, dan terkait dg nilai-nilai luhur kemanusiaan berupa keselamatan, keamanan, kelangsungan hidup, kesehatan dsb.
• Izin khusus bertujuan untuk melindungi masyarakat dari pelaksanaan profesi yg tdk becus. Atau izin merupakan bentuk perlindungan awal atas kepentingan masyarakat
• Izin juga sesungguhnya merupakan tanda bahwa orang tsb mempunyai keahlian, ketrampilan Dan komitmen moral yg diandalkan dan dapat dipercaya
• Wujud dari izin, bisa berbentuk surat izin, sumpah, kaul, atau pengukuhan resmi di depan umum. Yg berhak memberi izin adalah negara sbg penjamin tertinggi kepentingan masyarakat.
Kaum profesional biasanya menjadi anggota dari suatu organisasi profesi
• Contoh : IDI, IAI
• Tujuan organisasi profesi ini terutama adalah untuk menjaga dan melindungi keluhuran profesi tsb.
• Tugas Pokoknya adalah menjaga agar standar keahlian dan ketrampilan tidak dilanggar, kode etik tidak dilanggar, dan berarti menjaga agar kepentingan masyarakat tidak dirugikan oleh pelaksanaan profesi tsb. oleh anggota manapun
Prinsip-prinsip etika profesi
• Prinsip Keadilan
Prinsip ini terutama menuntut orang yg profesional agar dlm menjalankan profesinya ia tdk merugikan hak dan kepentingan pihak tertentu, khususnya orang-orang yg dilayani dalam rangka profesinya
• Prinsip Otonomi
Prinsip yg dituntut oleh kalangan profesional thd dunia luar agar mereka diberi kebebasan sepenuhnya dlm menjalankan profesinya. Karena hanya kaum profesional ahli dan terampil dlm bidang profesinya, tdk boleh ada pihak luar yg ikut campur tangan dlm pelaksanaan profesi tsb




Prinsip etika profesi
• Prinsip Integritas Moral
prinsip ini mrpk tuntutan kaum profesional atas dirinya sendiri bahwa dlm menjalankan tugas profesinya ia tidak akan sampai merusak nama baiknya serta citra dan martabat profesinya.
3. Menuju Bisnis sebagai Profesi Luhur
Sesungguhnya bisnis bukanlah merupakan profesi, kalau bisnis dianggap sbg pekerjaan kotor, kedati kata profesi, profesional dan profesionalisme sering begitu diobral dlm kaitan dg kegiatan bisnis. Namun dipihak lain tdk dapat disangkal bahwa ada banyak orang bisnis dan jg perusahaan yg sangat menghayati pekerjaan dan kegiatan bisnisnya sbg sebuah profesi. Mereka tdk hanya mempunyai keahlian dan ketrampilan yg tinggi tapi punya komitmen moral yg mendalam. Karena itu, bukan tdk mungkin bahwa bisnis pun dapat menjadi sebuah profesi dlm pengertian sebenar-benarnya bahkan menjadi sebuah profesi luhur.
a. Pandangan Praktis-Realistis
• Pandangan ini bertumpu pada kenyataan yg diamati berlaku dlm dunia bisnis dewasa ini. Pandangan ini didasarkan pada apa yg umumnya dilakukan oleh orang-orang bisnis. Pandangan ini melihat bisnis sbg suatu kegiatan di antara manusia yg menyangkut memproduksi, menjual Dan membeli barang dan jasa untuk memperoleh keuntungan
• Bisnis adalah suatu kegiatan Profit Making. Dasar pemikirannya adalah bahwa orang yg terjun ke dlm bisnis tdk punya keinginan dan tujuan lain selain ingin mencari keuntungan. Kegiatan bisnis adalah kegiatan ekonomis dan bukan kegiatan sosial. Karena itu, keuntungan itu sah untuk menunjang kegiatan bisnis. Tanpa keuntungan bisnis tidak bisa jalan.

Pandangan Praktis-Realistis
Asumsi Adam Smith :
• Dlm masyarakat modern telah terjadi pembagian kerja di mana setiap orang tdk bisa lagi mengerjakan segala sesuatu sekaligus dan bisa memenuhi semua kebutuhan hidupnya sendiri
• Semua orang tanpa terkecuali mempunyai kecenderungan dasar untuk membuat kondisi hidupnya menjadi lebih baik.
b. Pandangan Ideal
 Disebut pandangan ideal, karena dlm kenyataannya masih mrpk suatu hal yg ideal mengenai dunia bisnis. Sbg pandangan yg ideal pandangan ini baru dianut oleh segelintir orang yg dipengaruhi oleh idealisme ttt berdasarkan nilai ttt yg dianutnya.
 Menurut pandangan ini, bisnis tidak lain adalah suatu kegiatan diantara manusia yg menyangkut memproduksi, menjual, dan membeli barang dan jasa untuk memenuhi kebutuhan masyarakat.
 Dasar pemikirannya adalah pertukaran timbal balik secara fair di antara pihak-pihak yg terlibat. Maka yg mau ditegakkan dlm bisnis yg menyangkut pandangan ini adalah keadilan komutatif, khususnya keadilan tukar atau pertukaran dagang yg fair.
 Menurut Adam Smith, pertukaran dagang terjadi karena satu orang memproduksi lebih banyak barang ttt sementara ia sendiri membutuhkan barang lain yg tidak bisa dibuatnya sendiri.
 Menurut Matsushita (pendiri perusahan Matsushita Inc di Jepang), tujuan bisnis sebenarnya bukanlah mencari keuntungan melainkan untuk melayani kebutuhan masyarakat. Sedangkan keuntungan tidak lain hanyalah simbol kepercayaan masyarakat atas kegiatan bisnis suatu perusahaan. Artinya, krn masyarakat merasa kebutuhan hidupnya dipenuhi secara baik mereka akan menyukai produk perusahaan tsb yg memang dibutuhkannya tapi sekaligus juga puas dengan produk tsb.
 Dengan melihat kedua pandangan berbeda di atas, kita dapat menarik kesimpulan bahwa citra jelek dunia bisnis sedikit banyaknya disebabkan oleh pandangan pertama yg melihat bisnis sekadar sbg mencari keuntungan.
 Atas dasar ini, persoalan yg dihadapi di sini adalah bgmn mengusahakan agar keuntungan yg diperoleh ini memang wajar, halal, dan fair. Terlepas dari pandangan mana yg dianut, keuntungan tetap menjadi hal pokok bagi bisnis. Masalahnya adalah apakah mengejar keuntungan lalu berarti mengabaikan etika dan moralitas? Yg penting adalah bgmn keuntungan ini sendiri tercapai
 Salah satu upaya untuk membangun bisnis sbg profesi yg luhur adalah dg membentuk, mendukung dan memperkuat organisasi profesi.Melalui organisasi profesi tsb bisnis bisa dikembangkan sbg sebuah profesi dlm pengertian sebenar-benarnya sebagaimana dibahas disini, kalau bukan menjadi profesi luhur.

TEORI – TEORI ETIKA BISNIS

1.Pengertian Etika

Etika berasal dari dari kata Yunani ‘Ethos’ (jamak – ta etha), berarti adat istiadat, etika berkaitan dengan kebiasaan hidup yang baik, baik pada diri seseorang maupun pada suatu masyarakat. Etika berkaitan dengan nilai-nilai, tatacara hidup yg baik, aturan hidup yg baik dan segala kebiasaan yg dianut dan diwariskan dari satu orang ke orang yang lain atau dari satu generasi ke generasi yg lain.
Pengertian etika = moralitas
Moralitas berasal dari kata Latin Mos (jamak – Mores) berarti adat istiadat atau kebiasaan. Pengertian harfiah dari etika dan moralitas, sama-sama berarti sistem nilai tentang bagaimana manusia harus hidup baik sebagai manusia yang telah diinstitusionalisasikan dalam sebuah adat kebiasaan yang kemudian terwujud dalam pola perilaku yang ajek dan terulang dalam kurun waktu yang lama sebagaimana laiknya sebuah kebiasaan.
Etika sebagai Filsafat Moral
Etika sebagai filsafat moral tidak langsung memberi perintah konkret sebagai pegangan siap pakai.
Etika dapat dirumuskan sebagai refleksi kritis dan rasional mengenai
a. Nilai dan norma yang menyangkut bagaimana manusia harus hidup baik sebagai manusia.
b. Masalah kehidupan manusia dengan mendasarkan diri pada nilai dan norma moral yang umum diterima.

Etika sebagai sebuah ilmu yang terutama menitikberatkan refleksi kritis dan rasional,
a. Mempersoalkan apakah nilai dan norma moral tertentu memang harus dilaksanakan dalam situasi konkret terutama yang dihadapi seseorang, atau
b. Etika mempersoalkan apakah suatu tindakan yang kelihatan bertentangan dengan nilai dan norma moral tertentu harus dianggap sebagai tindakan yang tidak etis dan karena itu dikutuk atau justru sebaliknya
c. Apakah dalam situasi konkret yang saya hadapi saya memang harus bertindak sesuai dengan norma yang ada dalam masyarakatku ataukah justru sebaliknya saya dapat dibenarkan untuk bertindak sebaliknya yang bahkan melawan nilai dan norma moral tertentu.

2. Tiga Norma Umum

Norma à memberi pedoman tentang bagaimana kita harus hidup dan bertindak secara baik dan tepat, sekaligus menjadi dasar bagi penilaian mengenai baik buruknya perilaku dan tindakan kita.
Macam Norma :
a. Norma Khusus
b. Norma Umum
- Norma Sopan santun
- Norma Hukum
- Norma Moral


3. Teori Etika

a. Etika Teleologi
dari kata Yunani, telos = tujuan,
Mengukur baik buruknya suatu tindakan berdasarkan tujuan yang mau dicapai dengan tindakan itu, atau berdasarkan akibat yang ditimbulkan oleh tindakan itu.

Dua aliran etika teleologi :
- Egoisme Etis
- Utilitarianisme

b. Deontologi
Istilah deontologi berasal dari kata Yunani ‘deon’ yang berarti kewajiban.
‘Mengapa perbuatan ini baik dan perbuatan itu harus ditolak sebagai buruk’, deontologi menjawab : ‘karena perbuatan pertama menjadi kewajiban kita dan karena perbuatan kedua dilarang’.
Yang menjadi dasar baik buruknya perbuatan adalah kewajiban.
Pendekatan deontologi sudah diterima dalam konteks agama, sekarang merupakan juga salah satu teori etika yang terpenting.
Ada tiga prinsip yg harus dipenuhi :
(1) Supaya tindakan punya nilai moral, tindakan ini harus dijalankan berdasarkan kewajiban
(2) Nilai moral dari tindakan ini tidak tergantung pada tercapainya tujuan dari tindakan itu melainkan tergantung pada kemauan baik yang mendorong seseorang untuk melakukan tindakan itu, berarti kalaupun tujuan tidak tercapai, tindakan itu sudah dinilai baik
(3) Sebagai konsekuensi dari kedua prinsip ini, kewajiban adalah hal yang niscaya dari tindakan yang dilakukan berdasarkan sikap hormat pada hukum moral universal
c. Teori Hak
Dalam pemikiran moral dewasa ini barangkali teori hak ini adalah pendekatan yang paling banyak dipakai untuk mengevaluasi baik buruknya suatu perbuatan atau perilaku. Teori Hak merupakan suatu aspek dari teori deontologi, karena berkaitan dengan kewajiban. Hak dan kewajiban bagaikan dua sisi uang logam yang sama. Hak didasarkan atas martabat manusia dan martabat semua manusia itu sama. Karena itu hak sangat cocok dengan suasana pemikiran demokratis.
d. Teori Keutamaan (Virtue)
memandang sikap atau akhlak seseorang.
Tidak ditanyakan apakah suatu perbuatan tertentu adil, atau jujur, atau murah hati dan sebagainya.
Keutamaan bisa didefinisikan sebagai berikut : disposisi watak yang telah diperoleh seseorang dan memungkinkan dia untuk bertingkah laku baik secara moral.
Contoh keutamaan :
a. Kebijaksanaan
b. Keadilan
c. Suka bekerja keras
d. Hidup yang baik